Bharat’s Treatise on Companies Act, 2013 (4 Volumes) by V.S. Wahi – 2nd Edition 2024.

Bharat’s Treatise on Companies Act, 2013 (4 Volumes) by V.S. Wahi – 2nd Edition 2024.

About Treatise on Companies Act, 2013 (4 Volumes) by V.S. Wahi

Volume 1
Introduction and Principles of Interpretation
Introduction
1. Meaning of Company
2. Corporation
3. Corporation Aggregate
4. Body Corporate
5. Various Types of Companies
(1) Company Limited by Shares
(2) Company limited by guarantee
(3) Private Company
(4) Public Company
(5) One Person Company
(6) Unlimited Company
(7) Dormant Company
(8) Small Company
(9) Foreign Company
6. Attributes of Company
7. Citizenship and Domicile of Company
8. Corporate Criminal Liability
9. Company capacity to sue and be sued
10. Evolution of English Company Law
11. Evolution of Company Law in India
12. The Companies Act, 1913
13. The Companies Act, 1956
14. Amendments to the Companies Act, 1956
15. The Companies Act, 2013
16. The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2015
17. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
18. The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017
19. Finance Act, 2017
20. The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2019
21. The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020
22. Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021
23. Mediation Act, 2023
Principles of Interpretation
24. Interpretation of statute
25. Literal interpretation rule
26. Plain meaning rule
27. Rule of contextual construction
28. Statute to be so construed to make it effective and workable
29. Rule of harmonious construction
30. Mischief Rule
31. Rule of purposive interpretation
32. Doctrine of ‘Reading in and Reading out’ and ‘Reading Down’
33. Rule of Contemporanea expositio
34. Rule of ejusdem generis
35. Reference to repealed enactments
36. Judicially interpreted words
37. Meaning of word ‘any’
38. “As the case may be” — Meaning
39. “As far as may be” — Meaning
40. Dictionary Meaning
41. Inclusive definition
42. Absence of definition
43. Restrictive definition
44. Extended definition
45. Deeming provision
46. Directory or Mandatory provision
47. Explanation
48. Heading
49. Identical meaning
50. Legal Fiction
51. Marginal Notes
52. Minister’s Speech
53. Mutatis Mutandis
54. Non-obstante clause
55. Pari materia
56. Parliamentary debates and Minister’s statement
57. Per Incuriam
58. Preamble
59. Proviso
60. Punctuation marks
61. ‘Save as otherwise provided by or under this Act’ — Meaning
62. Schedules
63. Shall — Meaning thereof
64. Without prejudice
65. Object of a statute
66. “Unless the context otherwise requires” — Meaning
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1. Short title, extent, commencement and application
2. Definitions
CHAPTER II
INCORPORATION OF COMPANY AND
MATTERS INCIDENTAL THERETO
3. Formation of company
3A. Members severally liable in certain cases
4. Memorandum
5. Articles
6. Act to over-ride memorandum, articles, etc.
7. Incorporation of company
8. Formation of companies with charitable objects, etc.
9. Effect of registration
10. Effect of memorandum and articles
10A. Commencement of business, etc.
11. Commencement of business, etc [Omitted by Companies (Amendment) Act, 2015, w.e.f. 29-5-2015] 12. Registered office of company
13. Alteration of memorandum
14. Alteration of articles
15. Alteration of memorandum or articles to be noted in every copy
16. Rectification of name of company
17. Copies of memorandum, articles, etc., to be given to members
18. Conversion of companies already registered
19. Subsidiary company not to hold shares in its holding company
20. Service of documents

21. Authentication of documents, proceedings and contracts
22. Execution of bills of exchange, etc.
CHAPTER III
PROSPECTUS AND ALLOTMENT OF SECURITIES
PART I.—Public offer
23. Public offer and private placement
24. Power of Securities and Exchange Board to regulate issue and transfer of securities, etc.
25. Document containing offer of securities for sale to be deemed prospectus
26. Matters to be stated in prospectus
27. Variation in terms of contract or objects in prospectus
28. Offer of sale of shares by certain members of company
29. Public offer of securities to be in dematerialised form
30. Advertisement of prospectus
31. Shelf prospectus
32. Red herring prospectus
33. Issue of application forms for securities
34. Criminal liability for mis-statements in prospectus
35. Civil liability for mis-statements in prospectus
36. Punishment for fraudulently inducing persons to invest money
37. Action by affected persons
38. Punishment for personation for acquisition, etc., of securities
39. Allotment of securities by company
40. Securities to be dealt with in stock exchanges
41. Global depository receipt
PART II.—Private placement
42. Issue of shares on private placement basis
CHAPTER IV
SHARE CAPITAL AND DEBENTURES
43. Kinds of share capital
44. Nature of shares or debentures
45. Numbering of shares
46. Certificate of shares
47. Voting rights
48. Variation of shareholders’ rights
49. Calls on shares of same class to be made on uniform basis
50. Company to accept unpaid share capital, although not called up
51. Payment of dividend in proportion to amount paid-up
52. Application of premiums received on issue of shares
53. Prohibition on issue of shares at discount
54. Issue of sweat equity shares
55. Issue and redemption of preference shares
56. Transfer and transmission of securities
57. Punishment for personation of shareholder
58. Refusal of registration and appeal against refusal
59. Rectification of register of members
60. Publication of authorised, subscribed and paid-up capital
61. Power of limited company to alter its share capital
62. Further issue of share capital
63. Issue of bonus shares
64. Notice to be given to Registrar for alteration of share capital
65. Unlimited company to provide for reserve share capital on conversion into limited company
66. Reduction of share capital
67. Restrictions on purchase by company or giving of loans by it for purchase of its shares
68. Power of company to purchase its own securities
69. Transfer of certain sums to capital redemption reserve account
70. Prohibition for buy-back in certain circumstances
71. Debentures
72. Power to nominate
CHAPTER V
ACCEPTANCE OF DEPOSITS BY COMPANIES
73. Prohibition on acceptance of deposits from public
74. Repayment of deposits, etc., accepted before commencement of this Act
75. Damages for fraud
76. Acceptance of deposits from public by certain companies
76A. Punishment for contravention of section 73 or section 76
CHAPTER VI
REGISTRATION OF CHARGES
77. Duty to register charges, etc.
78. Application for registration of charge
79. Section 77 to apply in certain matters
80. Date of notice of charge
81. Register of charges to be kept by Registrar
82. Company to report satisfaction of charge
83. Power of Registrar to make entries of satisfaction and release in absence of intimation from company
84. Intimation of appointment of receiver or manager
85. Company’s register of charges
86. Punishment for contravention
87. Rectification by Central Government in register of charges
CHAPTER VII
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
88. Register of members, etc.
89. Declaration in respect of beneficial interest in any share
90. Register of significant beneficial owners in a company
91. Power to close register of members or debenture holders or other security holders
92. Annual return
93. [Omitted by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017, w.e.f. 13-6-2018] 94. Place of keeping and inspection of registers, returns, etc
95. Registers, etc., to be evidence
96. Annual general meeting
97.  Power of Tribunal to call annual general meeting
98.  Power of Tribunal to call meetings of members, etc
99.  Punishment for default in complying with provisions of sections 96 to 98
100. Calling of extraordinary general meeting
101. Notice of meeting
102. Statement to be annexed to notice
103. Quorum for meetings
104. Chairman of meetings
105. Proxies
106. Restriction on voting rights
107. Voting by show of hands
108. Voting through electronic means
109. Demand for poll
110. Postal ballot
111. Circulation of members’ resolution
112. Representation of President and Governors in meetings
113. Representation of corporations at meeting of companies and of creditors
114. Ordinary and special resolutions
115. Resolutions requiring special notice
116. Resolutions passed at adjourned meeting
117. Resolutions and agreements to be filed
118. Minutes of proceedings of general meeting, meeting of Board of Directors and other meeting and resolutions passed by postal ballot
119. Inspection of minute-books of general meeting
120. Maintenance and inspection of documents in electronic form
121. Report on annual general meeting
122. Applicability of this Chapter to One Person Company
SUBJECT INDEX
Volume 2
CHAPTER VIII
DECLARATION AND PAYMENT OF DIVIDEND
123. Declaration of dividend
124. Unpaid Dividend Account
125. Investor Education and Protection Fund
126. Right to dividend, rights shares and bonus shares to be held in abeyance pending registration of transfer of shares
127. Punishment for failure to distribute dividends
CHAPTER IX
ACCOUNTS OF COMPANIES
128. Books of account, etc., to be kept by company
129. Financial statement
129A. Periodical financial results
130. Re-opening of accounts on court’s or Tribunal’s orders
131. Voluntary revision of financial statements or Board’s repor
132. Constitution of National Financial Reporting Authority
133. Central Government to prescribe accounting standards
134. Financial Statement, Board’s report, etc.
135. Corporate Social Responsibility
136. Right of member to copies of audited financial statement
137. Copy of financial statement to be filed with Registrar
138. Internal Audit
CHAPTER X
AUDIT AND AUDITORS
139. Appointment of auditors
140. Removal, resignation of auditor and giving of special notice
141. Eligibility, qualifications and disqualifications of auditors
142. Remuneration of auditors
143. Powers and duties of auditors and auditing standards
144. Auditor not to render certain services
145. Auditor to sign audit reports, etc
146. Auditors to attend general meeting
147. Punishment for contravention
148. Central Government to specify audit of items of cost in respect of certain companies
CHAPTER XI
APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATIONS OF DIRECTOR
149. Company to have Board of Directors
150. Manner of selection of independent directors and maintenance of databank of independent directors
151. Appointment of director elected by small shareholders
152. Appointment of directors
153. Application for allotment of Director Identification Number
154. Allotment of Director Identification Number
155. Prohibition to obtain more than one Director Identification Number
156. Director to intimate Director Identification Number
157. Company to inform Director Identification Number to Registrar
158. Obligation to indicate Director Identification Number
159. Penalty for default in certain provisions
160. Right of persons other than retiring directors to stand for directorship
161. Appointment of additional director, alternate director and nominee director
162. Appointment of directors to be voted individually
163. Option to adopt principle of proportional representation for appointment of directors
164. Disqualifications for appointment of director
165. Number of directorships
166. Duties of directors
167. Vacation of office of director
168. Resignation of director
169. Removal of directors
170. Register of directors and key managerial personnel and their shareholding
171. Members’ right to inspect
172. Penalty
CHAPTER XII
MEETINGS OF BOARD AND ITS POWERS
173. Meetings of Board
174. Quorum for meetings of Board
175. Passing of resolution by circulation
176. Defects in appointment of directors not to invalidate actions taken
177. Audit committee
178. Nomination and remuneration committee and stakholders relationship committee
179. Powers of Board
180. Restrictions on powers of Board
181. Company to contribute to bona fide and charitable funds, etc
182. Prohibitions and restrictions regarding political contributions
183. Power of Board and other persons to make contributions to national defence fund, etc.
184. Disclosure of interest by director
185. Loans to directors, etc
186. Loan and investment by company
187.  Investments of company to be held in its own name
188. Related party transactions
189. Register of contracts or arrangements in which directors are interested
190. Contract of employment with managing or whole-time directors
191. Payment to director for loss of office, etc., in connection with transfer of undertaking, property or shares
192. Restriction on non-cash transactions involving directors
193. Contract by One Person Company
194. Prohibition on forward dealings in securities of company by director or key managerial personnel [Omitted by Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017, w.e.f. 9-2-2018] 195. Prohibition on insider trading of securities [Omitted by Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017, w.e.f. 9-2-2018]

CHAPTER XIII
APPOINTMENT AND REMUNERATION OF
MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL
196. Appointment of managing director, whole-time director or manager
197. Overall maximum managerial remuneration and managerial remuneration in case of absence or inadequacy of profits
198. Calculation of profits
199. Recovery of remuneration in certain cases
200. Central Government or company to fix limit with regard to remuneration
201. Forms of, and procedure in relation to, certain applications
202. Compensation for loss of office of managing or whole-time director or manager
203. Appointment of key managerial personnel
204. Secretarial audit for bigger companies
205. Functions of company secretary
CHAPTER XIV
INSPECTION, INQUIRY AND INVESTIGATION
206. Power to call for information, inspect books and conduct inquiries
207. Conduct of inspection and inquiry
208. Report on inspection made
209. Search and seizure
210. Investigation into affairs of company
211. Establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office
212. Investigation into affairs of company by Serious Fraud Investigation Office
213. Investigation into company’s affairs in other cases
214. Security for payment of costs and expenses of investigation
215. Firm, body corporate or association not to be appointed as inspector
216. Investigation of ownership of company
217. Procedure, powers, etc., of inspectors
218. Protection of employees during investigation
219. Power of inspector to conduct investigation into affairs of related companies, etc.
220. Seizure of documents by inspector
221. Freezing of assets of company on inquiry and investigation
222. Imposition of restrictions upon securities
223. Inspector’s report
224. Actions to be taken in pursuance of inspector’s report
225. Expenses of investigation
226. Voluntary winding up of company, etc., not to stop investigation proceedings
227. Legal advisers and bankers not to disclose certain information
228. Investigation, etc., of foreign companies
229. Penalty for furnishing false statement, mutilation, destruction of documents
CHAPTER XV
COMPROMISES, ARRANGEMENTS AND
AMALGAMATIONS
230. Power to compromise or make arrangements with creditors and members
231. Power of Tribunal to enforce compromise or arrangement
232. Merger and amalgamation of companies
233. Merger or amalgamation of certain companies
234. Merger or amalgamation of company with foreign company
235. Power to acquire shares of shareholders dissenting from scheme or contract approved by majority
236. Purchase of minority shareholding
237. Power of Central Government to provide for amalgamation of companies in public interest
238. Registration of offer of schemes involving transfer of shares
239. Preservation of books and papers of amalgamated companies
240. Liability of officers in respect of offences committed prior to merger, amalgamation, etc.
SUBJECT INDEX

Volume 3
CHAPTER XVI
PREVENTION OF OPPRESSION AND MISMANAGEMEN
241. Application to Tribunal for relief in cases of oppression, etc
242. Powers of Tribunal
243. Consequence of termination or modification of certain agreements
244. Right to apply under section 241
245. Class action
246. Application of certain provisions to proceedings u/s 241 or section 245
CHAPTER XVII
REGISTERED VALUERS
247. Valuation by registered valuers
CHAPTER XVIII
REMOVAL OF NAMES OF COMPANIES FROM THE
REGISTER OF COMPANIES
248. Power of Registrar to remove name of company from register of Companies
249. Restrictions on making application under section 248 in certain situations
250. Effect of company notified as dissolved
251. Fraudulent application for removal of name
252. Appeal to Tribunal
CHAPTER XIX
REVIVAL AND REHABILITATION OF SICK COMPANIE
[Chapter XIX omitted by Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 201
w.e.f. 15-11-2016] 253. Determination of sickness
254. Application for revival and rehabilitation
255. Exclusion of certain time in computing period of limitation
256. Appointment of interim administrator
257. Committee of creditors
258. Order of Tribunal
259. Appointment of administrator
260. Powers and duties of company administrator
261. Scheme of revival and rehabilitation
262. Sanction of scheme
263. Scheme to be binding
264. Implementation of scheme
265. Winding up of company on report of company administrator
266. Power of Tribunal to assess damages against delinquent directors, etc.
267. Punishment for certain offences
268. Bar of jurisdiction
269. Rehabilitation and Insolvency Fund
CHAPTER XX
WINDING UP
270. Winding up by Tribunal
PART I.—Winding up by Tribunal
271. Circumstances in which company may be wound up by Tribunal
272. Petition for winding up
273. Powers of Tribunal
274. Directions for filing statement of affairs
275. Company Liquidators and their appointments

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